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<title>Animation studio</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Animation studio</span></span>

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<p>An <b>animation studio</b> is a <a href="Company" title="Company">company</a> producing <a href="Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> media. The broadest such companies conceive of products to produce, own the physical equipment for production, employ operators for that equipment, and hold a major stake in the sales or rentals of the media produced. They also own rights over merchandising and creative rights for characters created/held by the company, much like authors holding <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>. In some early cases, they also held <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patent rights</a> over methods of animation used in certain studios that were used for boosting productivity. Overall, they are business concerns and can function as such in legal terms.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_studios">American studios</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History of animation</a></div>

<p>The idea of a studio dedicated to animating cartoons was spearheaded by <a href="Raoul_Barr%C3%A9" title="Raoul Barré">Raoul Barré</a> and his studio, <a href="Barr%C3%A9_Studio" title="Barré Studio">Barré Studio</a>, co-founded with <a href="Bill_Nolan_(animator)" title="Bill Nolan (animator)">Bill Nolan</a>, beating out the studio created by <a href="J.R._Bray" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R. Bray">J.R. Bray</a>, <a href="Bray_Productions" title="Bray Productions">Bray Productions</a>, to the honor of the first studio dedicated to animation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Though beaten to the post of being the first studio, Bray's studio employee, <a href="Earl_Hurd" title="Earl Hurd">Earl Hurd</a>, came up with patents designed for mass-producing the output for the studio. As Hurd did not file for these <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> under his own name but handed them to Bray, they would go on to form the Bray-Hurd Patent Company and sold these techniques for royalties to other animation studios of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The biggest name in animation studios during this early time was Disney Brothers Animation Studio (now known as <a href="Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a>), co-founded by <a href="Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt</a> and <a href="Roy_O._Disney" title="Roy O. Disney">Roy O. Disney</a>. Started on October 16, 1923, the studio went on to make its first animated short, <i><a href="Steamboat_Willie" title="Steamboat Willie">Steamboat Willie</a></i> in 1928, to much critical success,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the real breakthrough was in 1937, when the studio was able to produce a full-length animated feature film i.e. <a href="Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a>, which laid the foundation for other studios to try to make full-length movies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 <i><a href="Flowers_and_Trees" title="Flowers and Trees">Flowers and Trees</a></i>, a production by <a href="Walt_Disney_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Productions">Walt Disney Productions</a> and <a href="United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, won the first <a href="Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film">Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period, from the 1920s to the 1950s or sometimes considered from 1911 to the death of Walt Disney in 1966, is commonly known as the Golden Age of American Animation as it included the growth of Disney, as well as the rise of <a href="Warner_Bros._Cartoons" title="Warner Bros. Cartoons">Warner Bros. Cartoons</a> and the <a href="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio</a> as prominent animation studios.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disney continued to lead in technical prowess among studios for a long time afterwards, as can be seen with their <a href="Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios#Achievements" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">achievements</a>. In 1941, <a href="Otto_Messmer" title="Otto Messmer">Otto Messmer</a> created the first animated television commercials for Botany Tie ads/weather reports. They were shown on NBC-TV in New York until 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the first forays of animation designed for the smaller screen and was to be followed by the first animated series specifically made for television, <a href="Crusader_Rabbit" title="Crusader Rabbit">Crusader Rabbit</a>, in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its creator, <a href="Alex_Anderson_(cartoonist)" title="Alex Anderson (cartoonist)">Alex Anderson</a>, had to create the studio 'Television Arts Productions' specifically for the purpose of creating this series as his old studio, <a href="Terrytoons" title="Terrytoons">Terrytoons</a>, refused to make a series for television. Since Crusader Rabbit, however, many studios have seen this as a profitable enterprise and many have entered the made for television market since, with <a href="Joseph_Barbera" title="Joseph Barbera">Joseph Barbera</a> and <a href="William_Hanna" title="William Hanna">William Hanna</a> refining the production process for television animation on their show <a href="Ruff_and_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruff and Reddy">Ruff and Reddy</a>. It was in 1958 that <i><a href="The_Huckleberry_Hound_Show" title="The Huckleberry Hound Show">The Huckleberry Hound Show</a></i> claimed the title of being the first all-new half-hour cartoon show. This, along with their previous success with the series <i><a href="Tom_and_Jerry" title="Tom and Jerry">Tom and Jerry</a></i>, elevated their animation studio, H.B. Enterprises (later <a href="Hanna-Barbera_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanna-Barbera Productions">Hanna-Barbera Productions</a>), to dominate the North American television animation market during the latter half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2002, <i><a href="Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i>, produced by <a href="DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks</a> and <a href="Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a> won the first <a href="Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Academy Award for Best Animated Feature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, <a href="The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>/<a href="Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> have produced the most number of movies either to win or be nominated for the award.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct-to-video_market">Direct-to-video market</h3></div>

<p>Though the term "direct-to-video" carries negative connotations in the North American and European markets, direct-to-video animation has seen a rise, as a concept, in the Western markets. With many comic characters receiving their versions of <a href="OVA" class="mw-redirect" title="OVA">OVA</a>'s, <a href="Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">original video animations</a>, under the Westernized title of <a href="Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> animations, the OVA market has spread to American animation houses. Their popularity has resulted in animated adaptations of comic characters ranging from <a href="Hellboy" title="Hellboy">Hellboy</a>, <a href="Green_Lantern" title="Green Lantern">Green Lantern</a> and <a href="Avengers_(comics)" title="Avengers (comics)">Avengers</a>. Television shows such as <i><a href="Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> and <i><a href="Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> also released direct-to-video animations. <a href="DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> have continually released their own <a href="List_of_films_based_on_DC_Comics_publications#Animated_films" title="List of films based on DC Comics publications">animated movies</a> for the sole purpose of sale in the direct-to-video market. With growing worries about piracy, direct to video animation might become more popular in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership_trends">Ownership trends</h3></div>

<p>With the growth of animation as an industry, the trends of ownership of studios have gradually changed with time. Current studios such as Warner Bros. and early ones such as <a href="Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a>, started life as small, independent studios, being run by a very small core group. After being bought out or sold to other companies, they eventually consolidated with other studios and became larger. The drawback of this setup was that there was now a major thrust towards profitability with the management acting as a damper towards creativity of these studios, continuing even in today's scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Currently, the independent animation studios are looking to ensure artistic integrity by signing up with big animation studios on contracts that allow them to license out movies, without being directed by the bigger studios. Examples of such co-operation are the joint ventures between <a href="DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a> and <a href="Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> and that of <a href="Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a> and <a href="20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century Studios</a>.

</p><p>On August 22, 2016, Comcast's NBCUniversal acquired <a href="DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, appointing Meledandri oversee <a href="Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast's</a> Universal Animation/DreamWorks/Illumination, <a href="The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney's</a> Disney Animation/Pixar/20th Century Animation, & <a href="Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> Warner Bros. Animation/Warner Bros. Pictures Animation.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_studios">Japanese studios</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></div>

<p>The first known example of Japanese animation, also called <a href="Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, is dated around 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it would take until 1956 for the Japanese animation industry to successfully adopt the studio format as used in the United States. In 1961, these productions began to be aired in the US. <a href="Toei_Animation" title="Toei Animation">Toei Animation</a>, formed in 1948, was the first Japanese animation studio of importance and saw the reduction of animators as independent anime artists.

</p><p>After the formation of Toei Animation Co. Ltd. in 1948, the Japanese studios churned out minor works of animation. But with the release of Toei's first theatrical feature, <i><a href="Panda_and_the_Magic_Serpent" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda and the Magic Serpent">The Tale of the White Serpent</a></i> released in October 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the animation industry in Japan came into the eye of the general public.

</p><p>The success of <i><a href="Alakazam_the_Great" title="Alakazam the Great">Alakazam the Great</a></i> led to the finding of the artist <a href="Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>, who would go on to become the father of Japanese <a href="Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> with his brand of modern, fast-paced fantasy storylines. He became influenced by Hanna-Barbera productions of the late 1950s and made Japan's first made for television animation studio, <a href="Mushi_Production" title="Mushi Production">Mushi Productions</a>. The success of the studios' first show in 1963, <i><a href="Astro_Boy_(1963_TV_series)" title="Astro Boy (1963 TV series)">Astro Boy</a></i>, was so immense that there were 3 other television animation studios by the end of the year and Toei had opened their own made for television division. The greatest difference between Japanese studios and North American studios was the difference in adult-themed material to make way in Japan. Tezuka's thought that animation should not be restricted to kids alone has brought about many studios that are employed in the production of adult-themed adaptations of classic stories such as <i><a href="Heidi" title="Heidi">Heidi</a></i> (<i><a href="Heidi%2C_Girl_of_the_Alps" title="Heidi, Girl of the Alps">Heidi, Girl of the Alps</a></i>), <i><a href="One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> and <i><a href="The_Diary_of_a_Young_Girl" title="The Diary of a Young Girl">The Diary of a Young Girl</a></i> and many more.

</p><p>In the 1980s, animation studios were led back to their theatrical roots due to the success of <a href="Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s film <i><a href="Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i>, which led publishing house <a href="Tokuma_Shoten" title="Tokuma Shoten">Tokuma Shoten</a> to finance a new animation studio, <a href="Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>, which would be used for the personal works of Miyazaki and his close friend, <a href="Isao_Takahata" title="Isao Takahata">Isao Takahata</a>. Many of Ghibli's works have become Japan's top-grossing theatrical films, whether in live-action or animated form.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OAV/OVA_market">OAV/OVA market</h3></div>

<p>The market for 'OAV's or '<a href="Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original Anime Video</a>' later the acronym would be better known as 'OVA' meaning 'Original video animation' as the term 'OAV' could often be misunderstood for 'Original Adult Video', began in 1984. These are often tended towards the home video market, while not tending to the television or theatrical audience as such. They refer to those movies that are launched as direct-to-video releases and not meant to be released in theatres. Video productions can run from half an hour productions to well over two hours. They require that premise or story be original in order to be counted as an OVA, though sometimes, the story can be derived from a longer running manga or animated series. As the OAV market is not adapted to the rigors that are faced by television shows or feature films, they have been known to show gratuitous amounts of violence and/or pornography. Some OAV's have registered such strong acclaim that they have been remade as <a href="Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> television series as well as theatrical releases.

</p><p>Since most new OVA's are derived from other animated media, many animation studios that have previously worked on animated series or movies, and adaptations of Japanese manga, have now entered the OVA market, looking to capitalize on the popularity of their flagship shows. Studios participating in such circumstances include <a href="Production_I.G" title="Production I.G">Production I.G</a> and <a href="Studio_Deen" title="Studio Deen">Studio Deen</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animator's_contracts">Animator's contracts</h2></div>

<p>Although there are <a href="Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">permanent/full-time</a> positions in studios, most animators work on a <a href="Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> basis. There are some animators that are considered to be in the core group of the studio, which can either be as a result of being there since the inception of the company or being talented recruits from other animation studios. These are the more secure positions in an animation studio, though the studio might have policies concerning the possible tenure of animators. Since studios can hire animators on a <a href="Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a> basis nowadays, many artists do not retain rights over their creations, unlike some of the early animators. The extent of these copyrights is subject to local <a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights.

</p><p>The animators must also be aware of the <a href="Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contracts laws</a> and <a href="Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour laws</a> prevalent in the jurisdiction to which the animation studio is subject to. There have been numerous legal battles fought over the copyright of famous franchises, such as <i><a href="Kung_Fu_Panda" title="Kung Fu Panda">Kung Fu Panda</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i>. This has come about as a result of the clause in Copyright contracts that states that an idea cannot be protected, only an actual piece of work can be said to be infringed upon. This means that though the animators may have forwarded ideas to the animation studios about certain characters and plots, these ideas alone cannot be protected and can lead to studios profiting on individual animator's ideas. However, this has not stopped many independent artists from filing claims to characters produced by different studios.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation_specialties">Animation specialties</h2></div>

<p>Due to the wide range of animation techniques and styles, many animation studios typically specialize in certain types.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_animation">Traditional animation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional animation</a></div>

<p>Traditional animation employs the use of hand-drawn frames, and is used in the world of cartoons and anime. Notable studios that specialize in this style include <a href="Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a>, <a href="Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>, <a href="Cartoon_Saloon" title="Cartoon Saloon">Cartoon Saloon</a>, <a href="Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio" title="Nickelodeon Animation Studio">Nickelodeon Animation Studio</a>, <a href="Disney_Television_Animation" title="Disney Television Animation">Disney Television Animation</a>, <a href="20th_Television_Animation" title="20th Television Animation">20th Television Animation</a>, <a href="Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a>, <a href="Cartoon_Network_Studios" title="Cartoon Network Studios">Cartoon Network Studios</a>, <a href="Titmouse%2C_Inc." title="Titmouse, Inc.">Titmouse</a>, <a href="Ufotable" title="Ufotable">Ufotable</a>, <a href="Studio_Chizu" title="Studio Chizu">Studio Chizu</a> and <a href="CoMix_Wave_Films" title="CoMix Wave Films">CoMix Wave Films</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stop-motion_animation">Stop-motion animation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></div>

<p>Stop-motion animation uses objects that are incrementally moved and photographed in order to create an illusion of movement when the resulting frames are played back. Notable studios specializing in this style of animation include <a href="Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a>, <a href="Laika_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laika (company)">Laika</a> and <a href="ShadowMachine" title="ShadowMachine">ShadowMachine</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_computer_animation">3D computer animation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a> and <a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer animation</a></div>

<p>3D animation is the newest of the animation techniques, using the assistance of computers and software, such as <a href="Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a>, to create <a href="3D_models" class="mw-redirect" title="3D models">3D models</a> that are then manipulated and rendered to create movement. Notable studios include <a href="Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a>, <a href="DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, <a href="Sony_Pictures_Imageworks" title="Sony Pictures Imageworks">Sony Pictures Imageworks</a>, <a href="Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a>, <a href="Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)"> Illumination</a>, <a href="DNEG" title="DNEG">DNEG</a> and <a href="Marza_Animation_Planet" title="Marza Animation Planet">Marza Animation Planet</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List of animation studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_genre" title="Film genre">List of movie genres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_film-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film-related topics">List of motion picture topics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">List of anime conventions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_anime_theatrically_released_in_the_United_States" title="List of anime theatrically released in the United States">List of anime theatrically released in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Q-version" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-version">Q-version</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting in Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_studio" title="Film studio">Film studio</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animation" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:animation">animation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animation_studios" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Animation studios">Animation studios</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Animation_topics352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_animation" title="Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_animation" title="Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="British_animation" title="British animation">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_anime" title="History of anime">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Korea

<ul><li><a href="North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_animation" title="Latvian animation">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_animation" title="Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a>

<li><a href="Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li>

<li><a href="Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li>

<li>

<li><a href="Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li>

<li>Biologist simulators</li>

<li>Animation film festivals

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Films

<ul><li><a href="List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_children's_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_children's_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li>

<li><a href="Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li>

<li><a href="Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li>

<li><a href="Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li>

<li><a href="Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li>

<li><a href="Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Experimental_animation" title="Experimental animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">influenced</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructional_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_history_of_animation" title="Early history of animation">Early history</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">violence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AAnimation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_animation" title="Outline of animation">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Animation_studio&oldid=1304048654">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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